Činjenice o solarnoj energiji

Činjenice o solarnoj energiji. Solarna energija je obnovljivi izvor energije. Pročitajte neke zanimljive činjenice o solarnoj energiji.

Sunce je nama najbliža zvijezda te, neposredno ili posredno, izvor gotovo sve raspoložive energije na Zemlji. Sunčeva energija potječe od nuklearnih reakcija u njegovom središtu, gdje temperatura doseže 15 milijuna °C. Radi se o fuziji, kod koje spajanjem vodikovih atoma nastaje helij, uz oslobađanje velike količine energije.

Svake sekunde na ovaj način u helij prelazi oko 600 milijuna tona vodika, pri čemu se masa od nekih 4 milijuna tona vodika pretvori u energiju. Činjenice o solarnoj energiji:

• Sunce proizvodi energiju već pet milijardi godina i prema trenutnim procjenama ta proizvodnja energije nastavit će se još idućih pet milijardi godina. Solarna energija je dio energije proizvedene na Suncu koji stiže do zemlje.
  
• Solarna energija može se direktno konvertirati u toplinsku energiju ili u električnu energiju, a to su zapravo korisni oblici energije. Električna energija je najkorisniji oblik energije današnjem čovječanstvu jer se može jednostavno pretvoriti u koristan rad.
  
• Solarna energija je „motor“ iza gotovo svih obnovljivih izvora energije. Sekundarni izvori energije koje pokreće solarna energija, poput energije vjetra, energije valova, hidroenergije i biomase, čine većinu obnovljivih izvora energije na zemlji. Geotermalna energija i energija plime i oseke nisu sekundarni proizvod solarne energije jer bi postojale i bez solarnog zračenja.
  

• Noću i za vrlo oblačnih dana solarna energija nije potpuno dostupna i potrebni su sustavi za spremanje energije koji se pune kad je energija dostupna. Solarna energija može se spremati u različitim oblicima, ali najpopularniji su konverzija u toplinsku energiju, spremanje u baterijama i akumulatorima te „pumped storage“ sistemi – pumpanje vode na više mjesto kad postoji dovoljno energije i korištenje te vode kad solarna energija nije dostupna.
  
• Solarna energija je obnovljivi izvor energije jer se ne može potrošiti poput fosilnih goriva. Solarna energija također je i vrlo čist izvor energije nakon instalacije jer nema štetnih emisija ili zagađenja nastalog zbog upotrebe solarnih panela ili solarnih ćelija.
  
• Postoje tri osnovne vrste solarne energije:
  • Solarni paneli – Izravna pretvorba solarne energije u toplinu. Većinom se koristi za grijanje vode.
  • Koncentriranje solarne energije – Usmjeravanje solarnog zračenja upotrebom polja zrcala u jednu točku u kojoj se neka tekućina zagrijava na visoku temperaturu. Ovako zagrijana tekućina koristi se onda za proizvodnju električne energije. Ovo je osnovni način rada u današnjim solarnim elektranama.
  • Solarne ćelije – Pretvorba solarne energije direktno u električnu energiju.
  
  

Činjenice o solarnoj energiji.

• Ugrubo možemo procijeniti da površina zemlje prima otprilike 100.000 TW solarne snage u svakom danom trenutku (gornji slojevi atmosfere primaju oko 174.000 TW, ali plinovi, oblaci, zagađenja i ostali čimbenici smanjuju dostupnu snagu na površini zemlje). Cijela populacija Zemlje koristi oko 400 qbtu energije svake godine, a da bi se dobila tolika količina energije potrebna je konstantna snaga od 13,38 TW – to je oko 8000 puta manje od snage koju dobivamo od sunca u svakom trenutku. Iz brojki iznad možemo izračunati da zemlja u 71 minutu primi dovoljno solarne energije da zadovolji energetske potrebe čovječanstva za cijelu godinu.
  
• Solarna energija je glavni izvor energije za satelite i svemirske sonde nakon lansiranja. Na primjer, najnoviji GPS sateliti (Block IIR) koriste solarne ćelije snage 1136 vata. Solarne ćelije se gotovo uvijek koriste u kombinaciji s baterijama da bi se izbjegao ispad napajanja kad satelit ili sonda nije u položaju od kud se vidi Sunce.
  
• Otprilike 30% ukupne potrošnje energije svodi se na grijanje vode. Iz toga je vidljivo da možemo znatno smanjiti ovisnost o vanjskim izvorima energije upotrebom solarnih panela. Za grijanje vode nema potrebe koristiti skupe solarne ćelije koje bi proizvodile električnu energiju koja bi se kasnije koristila za grijanje vode.
  
• Solarna energija je vrlo čist izvor energije nakon instalacije, ali postoje neke zabrinutosti glede čistoće postupka proizvodnje solarnih ćelija. Solarne ćelije su u mnogočemu direktno povezane s proizvodnjom poluvodiča, a ta proizvodnja ima otrovne nusproizvode koji mogu ugroziti živa bića. U proizvodnji poluvodiča također ima i emisija stakleničkih plinova.
  
• Solarna energija će se u budućnosti znatno više koristiti jer se očekuju rezultati znanstvenih istraživanja koji bi trebali smanjiti cijenu i povećati efikasnost ovoga izvora energije.
  
• U godinama provedenim u Vatikanu, Leonardo Da Vinci (1452 - 1519) planirao je industrijsku upotrebu solarne energije koristeći konkavna ogledala koja bi usmjeravala solarno zračenje i grijala vodu. U modernim vremenima ovaj princip se zove koncentriranje solarne energije i glavni je princip rada današnjih solarnih elektrana. Da Vinci je korištenje solarne energije planirao jer je bio zabrinut zbog uništenja šuma koje su u tadašnje vrijeme bile glavno gorivo. Zvuči poznato?

Solar panels like stickers

Scientists produce flexible solar panels that can be glued to all surfaces.

From technology solar cells on thin film (TFSC), have long been expected to completely change our energy future. The first prototype of such thin flexible solar panels that one day we can have on their gadgets, walls, windows, and even on clothing, have so far proved to be quite sensitive and fragile.

TFSC are produced by scientists at Stanford University, currently represent the best use of this technology, you will soon be able to truly find its place in all applications that futurists have predicted and scientific teams.

Their thin flexible solar panels can be placed on paper, plastic and glass, without the need for direct integration in these products, or may be attached as labels or as scientists say, decal, and also easy to separate and reuse.

Scientific work that led the research Chi Hwan Lee and his team published in the publication Scientific Reports, demonstrate technology that enabled them making such "sun label" that can be linked with a variety of gadgets, rechargeable batteries and generators, and thus allow their filling and power supply.

Authors of scientific research suggests that the use of their technology can be applied to all the moving power, smart clothes and electronic systems of the aircraft industry.

"Given that the process of bonding does not require any preparation at the desired surface, it entails great challenges for a variety of industries, says Lee, adding that their TFSC and also ultra-durable, and can be used on curved surfaces, such as tiles, helmets or mobile devices, and that process also reduces the cost of their installation and workmanship.

Scientists also believe that their technology can be applied to other electronics, such as a thin film circuits, transistors and LCDs.

Source: Mashable

WHAT IS RENEWABLE ENERGY?

WHAT IS RENEWABLE ENERGY?

 Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are constantly and sustainably replenished. Harnessing energy from the wind, sun, water, plants, and other renewable sources will put America on the path to a cleaner environment, energy independence, and a stronger economy. The technologies featured here can contribute to better air quality, reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and curb global warming, add good jobs to the economy and, when properly sited, protect environmental values such as habitat and water quality. Working together, policymakers, farmers and investors can help build a sustainable future for America and the planet.


Tags : human behavioral ecology , cornell human ecology , water companies , water company , oil future , energy price charts , sun and the solar system , the solar system the sun , solar system and the sun , the sun of the solar system , sun system solar , sun in the solar system

Green World

The Earth is losing its trees. Ethiopia, for example, is down to 3% forest cover. After trees are cut down, the land loses its fertility. Hunger and conflict grow. Biodiversity dwindles, and water supplies dry up. The deserts creep forward, hastening climate change. But there is something we can do.

2: The Plan

Plant trees. Lots of trees. Trees heal barren soil and increase food crops, helping people become self-sufficient. They remove CO₂ from the air, and restore the environment for generations to come.

3: Act Now

Help people plant their future--and ours. We plant trees to restore the ecology and economy of some of the world's poorest places. We help communities develop sustainable livelihoods, return barren soil to fertility, nurture biodiversity, and preserve cultural values. Will you help?

Price decline of solar panels(sun and the solar system)

  Price drop Solar: Good for buyers, bad for producers

(Marin Pasarić, Tomislav Majanović) - The global solar industry is currently topical unexpected paradox; manufacturers barely tie ends meet, while for end consumers more optimistic forecasts.

Specifically, Lux Research yesterday released its latest industry analysis which predicts a large and rapid increase in the installed capacity of solar energy as 15.5% per year, while the producers anticipated earnings in 2016. not move from the dead point. In accordance with the aforementioned dynamics of falling product prices, Navigant Consulting report yesterday confirmed that the cost of solar panels this year have fallen by as much as 20 percent.Reports drop in prices associated with fierce competition among manufacturers of solar photovoltaic panels, which continuously reduces the cost per watt. For manufacturers of solar panels this means a reduction in margins and a reduction in care whether demand will be able to accept the totality of production capacity.For consumers, this means that the price drop will be installing solar roof panels will be cheaper than it ever was, but an increase in the so-called. Solar leasing that should take precedence over a clean purchase solar installations.Shay Kann, solar industry analyst with GTM Research's says: "Companies that will offer solar leasing option will be able to expand their business into new areas where this kind of projects otherwise would not have launched on." Current price drop yet they felt most companies dealing with selling and installing solar systems is customers themselves, since a large part of the solar "pie" goes on the actual installation of the system.Instead of buying panels, solar leasing consumers via pay a monthly fee that reduces the overall bill. It may be a pre-set fee that will be paid over 20 years or under contract to purchase energy that the consumer who rents the panel agrees to buy electricity at a price lower than the network.Companies that install or finance these projects except the mere possession of solar panels, earn money thanks to government incentives for renewable energy. Few companies in the U.S. began with the implementation of these projects in California that would then expand their business to more than 20 states.The path to a network parity? - Regardless of how solar energy is delivered to consumers, technology and higher production rates ultimately reduce the cost per watt of energy. If the price drop of solar installations continues, we can expect almost getting solar electricity at a price lower than that provided by network operators and distribution system that would come to power parity.Most just reaching parity bit is considered a milestone which will contribute to the wider adoption of this type of energy. But, according to Lux Research, for residential solar installations reaching power parity is expected only within a few years. In addition to increasing the adoption of this energy source, power parity will foster the development of additional solar leasing because more consumers will be interested in this type of installation.There are key drivers in the adoption of solar energy incentives and the current retail price of electricity. The report says Lux reasearch that "future projected increases retail cost of electricity will be sufficient to increase the demand for solar installations even in countries that do not have the incentives."Due to falling prices and reduced demand for solar installations in Germany, which is normally the largest global consumer of solar energy, the pressure to further reduce the cost of installation. As stated by Paula Mints, a solar analyst at Navigant Consulting, "The photovoltaic industry has to develop a business strategy that will not rely on incentives, but will be market competitive."Autor: © Portal croenergo.eu (M.P., T.M.)

How do Sun in the solar system

Free energy that the sun gives us every day, allows you to create SIP zarade.Sa solar plants on your roof, you can convert the solar energy into electricity and deliver it directly to your network operator HEP, with the purchase of electric power energije.Za checked you will get appropriate fee prescribed law on the purchase of electricity from renewable sources of Croatian.
1.Fotonaponski (solar) modules
Photovoltaic (solar) modules using photovoltaic cells made of multiple technologies.
Solar cells can be divided into three types according to the type of crystal that is used: monocrystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous. For the production of monocrystalline cells requires absolutely pure semiconductors. Monocrystalline rods are made of fused silica and then cut into thin plates.
This production ensures a relatively high degree of efficiency, which reflects in the price of products. Production of polycrystalline cells is cheaper manufacturing process, liquid silicon is poured into blocks which are then cut into slabs. Because of the casting in the cooling process, a change of the structure of crystals uzrekuje lower efficiency solar cells.
If a silicon film applied to other material types of glass or other carriers get called amorphous or "thin film" cells. The thickness of the layer reaches a thickness of a human hair, thereby reducing the cost of production due to lower material costs. New technologies that achieve excellent productivity in the outcome Thinfilm and mikroamorfa very similar to poly and single crystal.
Solar modules are created by joining cells in series or parallel, certainly connected in series modules provide a much higher voltage. After that they fit into Viniyl Ethyl-acetate and embedded in aluminum or steel frames and covered with a transparent glass front strane.Jamstvo producers is reflected in Trajan guarantees for modules of 10-25 years.
2.Inverteri (AC adapter)
Direct current produced by the solar cells can not be directly involved in the public network, so there are inverters that convert direct current to alternating current 0.23 / 0.4 KV
3.Priključno place
Network-connected solar power plants require a power point with a measuring device according to the standards of HEP.
4.Izmjenična electricity produced by the solar power plant connected to the grid and used by all consumers.

The sun of the solar system in theory and practice

Photovoltaics:
The word Photovoltaic is a combination of the Greek words for light and names physicist Allesandro Volta.
Defines the direct conversion of sunlight into energy through solar cells. The conversion process is based on fotoelekričnom effect discovered by physicists Alexandra Bequerela year 1839.
Photoelectric effect describes the release positivnih and negative charges when the light illuminate the surface.
How do solar cells
Solar cells are made of various semiconductor materials materijala.Poluvodići, which become electrically conductive when illuminated or heated but they act as insulators at low temperatures. The primary raw material for the production of the sand which is plentiful.
Over 95% of all solar cells produced in the world are made by SI (Si). As the second most common element on earth's surface silicon has the advantage that it is available in sufficient quantities and does not affect the environmental changes.
For the production of semiconductor solar cells are polluted so (doping) the deliberate release of chemical elements as the holder of a positive or negative naboja.Kombinirajući two semiconductor layers with different pollution resulting barrier, boundary between the two layers. On this border creates an internal electric field that causes the release of the carrier when cell osvjetljena.Kroz metal contacts can get an electric discharge, if the external circuit is coming to the flow of direct current.
Silicon cells are approximately 10x10cm in size, transparent anti-reflective film protects the cell and reduces losses due to reflection at the cell surface.
The output voltage of the solar cell is temperature-dependent, the higher the temperature the lower voltage less utilization. Utilization level defines the amount of light with converted into useful electrical energy.
Types of solar cells
Solar cells can be divided into three types according to the type of crystal that is used: monocrystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous. For the production of monocrystalline cells requires absolutely pure semiconductors. Monocrystalline rods are made of fused silica and then cut into thin plates.
This production ensures a relatively high degree of efficiency, which reflects in the price of products. Production of polycrystalline cells is cheaper manufacturing process, liquid silicon is poured into blocks which are then cut into slabs. Because of the casting in the cooling process, a change of the structure of crystals uzrekuje lower efficiency solar cells.
If a silicon film applied to the second matter tpa glass or other carriers get called amorphous or "thin film" cells. The thickness of the layer reaches a thickness of a human hair, thereby reducing the cost of production because of lower costs materijala.Iskoristivost amorphous cells is much lower than other solar cells. Therefore, the use of power equipment less power.
Solar modules are created by joining cells in series or parallel, certainly connected in series modules provide a much higher voltage. After that they fit into Viniyl Ethyl-acetate and embedded in aluminum or steel frames and covered with a transparent glass front strane.Jamstvo producers is reflected in Trajan guarantees for modules of 10-25 years.
Today's power modules ranging from 5W to 350W per module and razlikju the voltage 12/24/48 V modules by which must be adapted to other equipment.
The solar cells are no toxic substances do not produce smoke or make a noise, so very environmentally friendly. Electricity produced by the transducers is the same as in the household.
What happens when there is no sunca.Sustav is able to work autonomously with the stored energy in batteries (solar batteries). How long can we get to work daily spending budget and the amount of stored energy, which depends on the capacity and type of battery, maintenance and operational requirements and definitely on the cost of equipment.